PNG Coffee History

A Brief History of Papua New Guinea Coffee

Introduction of Coffee to PNG:

Coffee was first introduced to Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the late 19th century by missionaries. However, it wasn't until the 1920s and 1930s that coffee cultivation began to take root as a commercial enterprise. The initial coffee plantings were Arabica varieties brought in from Jamaica’s Blue Mountains, known for their high quality.

Development and Expansion:

The coffee industry in PNG saw significant growth post-World War II, particularly in the Highlands region, which offered ideal conditions for coffee cultivation. During the 1950s and 1960s, large plantations were established, and coffee quickly became one of PNG's major agricultural exports. The government and various international organizations supported the expansion by providing training, resources, and infrastructure to local farmers.

Smallholder Dominance:

Today, the majority of coffee in PNG is produced by smallholder farmers, who typically cultivate less than two hectares of land. These small farms contribute to around 85-90% of the country's total coffee production. The reliance on smallholder farmers has fostered a unique diversity in coffee quality and flavours, as beans are often grown in mixed farming systems and processed using traditional methods.

Growing Conditions:

PNG’s unique geography provides excellent conditions for coffee cultivation. The Highlands, located at elevations between 1,200 and 2,200 meters above sea level, offer a perfect climate with rich volcanic soils, adequate rainfall, and consistent temperatures. These high-altitude conditions are particularly favourable for growing Arabica coffee, which thrives in cooler climates and benefits from the distinct wet and dry seasons.

Challenges and Opportunities:

The PNG coffee industry faces challenges such as infrastructure deficits, market access, and quality control. Despite these obstacles, the country's coffee is renowned for its rich, complex flavors and is highly sought after in specialty coffee markets worldwide. Efforts are ongoing to improve farming practices, processing methods, and market linkages to enhance the quality and competitiveness of PNG coffee.

Conclusion:

From its introduction by missionaries to becoming a staple of the Highlands' economy, coffee has played a crucial role in Papua New Guinea's agricultural landscape. The commitment of smallholder farmers, coupled with the country’s exceptional growing conditions, ensures that PNG remains a notable player in the global coffee market.